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 2022-06-02, 00:28 #1 Xyzzy     Aug 2002 5×1,697 Posts June 2022
 2022-06-15, 13:36 #2 dg211   Jun 2016 2210 Posts To help people check their answers without spoiling the puzzle, these were the last two digits of each of my values for n up to 20. 00, 01, 03, 11, 35, 08, 80, 48, 14, 23, 34, 49, 46, 37, 33, 34, 76, 71, 38, 52
 2022-06-17, 23:51 #3 uau   Jan 2017 149 Posts Has anyone here tried to calculate values especially far? I've computed up to 23 (with a fast enough program that calculating the next few values would be realistic if I left it running for a while).
2022-06-19, 05:30   #4
Dieter

Oct 2017

2×32×7 Posts

Quote:
 Originally Posted by dg211 To help people check their answers without spoiling the puzzle, these were the last two digits of each of my values for n up to 20. 00, 01, 03, 11, 35, 08, 80, 48, 14, 23, 34, 49, 46, 37, 33, 34, 76, 71, 38, 52
n=21: …77 ?

2022-06-19, 09:58   #5
Kebbaj

"Kebbaj Reda"
May 2018
Casablanca, Morocco

32·11 Posts

Quote:
 Originally Posted by uau Has anyone here tried to calculate values especially far? I've computed up to 23 (with a fast enough program that calculating the next few values would be realistic if I left it running for a while).
@uau
For confirmation :
n 22 finish by 39
n 23 finish by 62

 2022-06-19, 14:03 #6 uau   Jan 2017 149 Posts Those values match what I got. There are some things I'd say about the calculation, but they'd be kind of spoilery, so perhaps better left for private messages or after the month is over.
 2022-06-20, 09:47 #7 dg211   Jun 2016 2×11 Posts My (fairly naive, single-threaded) code took about two and a half hours to do n=20, and it goes up by a factor of about 4 for each increase in n. By multithreading it I think I could do n=23 or even n=25 in a not totally absurd time, but wondering if other people have faster approaches?
 2022-06-20, 13:42 #8 uau   Jan 2017 14910 Posts Well my code is faster, but not a totally different approach - still proportional to the overall number of polyominoes. I'll send details in PM.
 2022-06-21, 17:29 #9 KangJ   Jul 2015 11 Posts Question about algorithm I am seriously struggling with this problem. If there is an algorithm that efficiently creates polyomino without duplicates, what would it be? The method of creating and saving all polyominos to check for duplicates is easily limited around N=15. Is it correct to save all polyominos of size N-1 to create a new polyomino of size N? I tried to classify polyominos by width size, but the method of saving all polyominos to check for duplicates also runs into a limit as N increases.
 2022-07-22, 04:06 #10 uau   Jan 2017 149 Posts Here's the program I used and some notes: Sizes 2 or 3 mod 4 like 22/23 are actually easier to calculate: for such sizes, the result is just half the total polyomino count (which you can look up on OEIS for example). You can prove that as follows: The two orderings are rotated 1/4 turn from each other (one is "standard order", the other is "rotate polyomino 1/4 turn, then apply standard order"). Now take an arbitrary polyomino. Its parity is the parity of the difference permutation between "standard order" and "1/4 turn, then standard order". Now consider instead the parity of the polyomino you get by rotating the original by 1/4 turn. Now the relevant permutation is between "1/4 turn, then standard order" and "1/4 + 1/4 turns, then standard order". After 1/2 turn, standard order is inverse to the original. For a number of elements 2 or 3 mod 4, a permutation inversing their order is odd. So you have two permutations - from original to 1/4 turn, and 1/4 turn to 1/2 turn. Their combination from original to inverted is odd for 2 or 3 mod 4. It follows that one of the two permutations must be odd and the other even. From this it follows that rotating a polyomino by 1/4 turn always changes its parity, and half the total polyominoes must be odd and half even. The overall approach of my code is nothing special - it enumerates every polyomino of the given size and determines its parity. I think it is efficient for that approach though. The parity is incrementally determined when adding each new square to the polyomino by counting the number of existing squares that are smaller in standard order and smaller in rotated order; if the sum of those is odd, adding the square changes parity. This "count numbers smaller than given constant" part uses vectorized code that probably only works when compiling with GCC; changing "shuffle" to "shufflevector" may make it work with clang/icc. The output is odd polyominoes and total polyominoes. It's fast enough that it should be quite realistic to calculate at least 24 and 25 (and then you get 26 and 27 "for free" as above). 28/29 might be possible at least on a fast machine or distributed between machines (the thread splitting implementation doesn't require any communication after the initial split, so would work equally well between machines). Code: /* This compiles into notably faster code with GCC 11 when using * profile-guided optimization. * To generate a binary: * $gcc -O3 -march=native -fprofile-generate ponderthis_202206.c -lpthread *$ ./a.out 17 1 # To generate a profile, run up to n=17 with 1 thread * \$ gcc -O3 -march=native -fprofile-use ponderthis_202206.c -lpthread * * Now you can run the optimized version "for real": * ./a.out 21 4 # run to n=21 with 4 threads */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #define MAXN 33 // larger values somewhat slow down the program overall #define SPLITDEPTH 10 #define VECTORSIZE 16 #define MAXTHREADS 200 typedef short vshort __attribute__((vector_size(VECTORSIZE))); struct stackentry { short pointpos; bool odd; bool is_cell; char dir; }; #define VECC (((MAXN-1)*2+VECTORSIZE-1)/VECTORSIZE) #define POINTC (VECC*VECTORSIZE/2) union points { vshort v[VECC]; short a[POINTC]; }; long long solve(int n, long long *rop, int threadcount, int threadsplit) { long long r = 0; long long ro = 0; union points points = {0}; union points points2 = {0}; for (int i = 1; i < POINTC; i++) points2.a[i] = -32768; char mem[1 + (MAXN-1)*MAXN] = {1}; struct stackentry stack[MAXN*3]; int pointcount = 1; int stackpos = 0; int pointpos = 0; int dir = 2; bool odd = false; const int dirs[] = {-MAXN, -1, 1, MAXN}; const int dirs2[] = {1, -MAXN, MAXN, -1}; while (1) { if (dir >= 4) { dir = 0; pointpos++; } if (pointpos >= pointcount) { while (1) { if (stackpos == 0) { *rop = ro; return r; } stackpos--; bool is_cell = stack[stackpos].is_cell; pointpos = stack[stackpos].pointpos; dir = stack[stackpos].dir; odd = stack[stackpos].odd; mem[points.a[pointpos] + dirs[dir]] = is_cell; if (is_cell) break; } pointcount -= 1; points.a[pointcount] = 0; points2.a[pointcount] = -32768; stack[stackpos].is_cell = false; stackpos += 1; dir++; continue; } int pos = points.a[pointpos] + dirs[dir]; if (pos < 0 || mem[pos]) { dir++; continue; } mem[pos] = 1; stack[stackpos].is_cell = true; stack[stackpos].pointpos = pointpos; stack[stackpos].dir = dir; stack[stackpos].odd = odd; if (pointcount == SPLITDEPTH) { if (--threadsplit) { stack[stackpos].is_cell = false; stackpos++; continue; } threadsplit = threadcount; } short pos2 = points2.a[pointpos] + dirs2[dir]; vshort x = {0}; for (int i = 0; i < VECC; i++) { x ^= points.v[i] < (short)pos; x ^= points2.v[i] < (short)pos2; } #if VECTORSIZE == 16 vshort mask1 = {1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7}; vshort mask2 = {2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6}; vshort mask3 = {4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4}; x ^= __builtin_shuffle(x, mask1); x ^= __builtin_shuffle(x, mask2); x ^= __builtin_shuffle(x, mask3); odd ^= x[0] & 1; #else #error unimplemented #endif if (pointcount == n - 1) { stack[stackpos].is_cell = false; r++; ro += odd; odd = stack[stackpos].odd; } else { points.a[pointcount] = pos; points2.a[pointcount] = pos2; pointcount++; } stackpos++; dir++; } } static pthread_t threads[MAXTHREADS]; static long long thread_results[MAXTHREADS][2]; static int global_n; static int global_threadcount; void *thread_worker(void *arg) { int thread_id = (pthread_t *)arg - threads; thread_results[thread_id][1] = solve(global_n, thread_results[thread_id], global_threadcount, thread_id + 1); return NULL; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { assert(argc == 3); int maxn = atoi(argv[1]); assert(maxn <= MAXN); int n_threads = atoi(argv[2]); assert(n_threads >= 1); global_threadcount = n_threads; for (int i = 2; i <= maxn; i++) { long long odd = 0; long long total = 0; if (i < SPLITDEPTH + 3 || n_threads == 1) { total = solve(i, &odd, 1, 1); } else { global_n = i; for (int j = 0; j < n_threads; j++) pthread_create(&threads[j], NULL, thread_worker, &threads[j]); for (int j = 0; j < n_threads; j++) { pthread_join(threads[j], NULL); odd += thread_results[j][0]; total += thread_results[j][1]; } } printf("%d %lld / %lld\n", i, odd, total); } }

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